How To Tell If A Material Is Ductile Or Brittle
Video How to tell if a material is ductile or brittle Every engineering material when used is subjected to an external load of some nature (continuous, repetitive or oscillating loads). In some applications (for example, metal rolling or bending), the member must stretch as much as possible before breaking; while in other applications (eg, rock brakes) the material must break with small deformation when subjected to external loads. Based on their ability to stretch under external loads, solid materials can be classified into two types – ductile and brittle. When an external tensile load is applied to a material, the material initially undergoes elastic deformation and then begins to undergo plastic deformation. Elastic deformation is reversible, while plastic deformation is permanent. The ability of a material to plasticize before fracture is an expression of ductility. Materials that exhibit significant plastic deformation when subjected to external loads are called ductile materials; while brittle materials show negligible plastic deformation. The similarities and differences between ductile and brittle materials are provided below. Similarities between ductile and brittle materials
- Both are related to the plastic deformation of the material when subjected to tensile loads.
- Ductility or brittleness is highly temperature dependent. For example, a brittle material can behave like a ductile material at high temperatures. Similarly, a material that is ductile at room temperature, when frozen, can automatically transform into a brittle material.
- The ductility or brittleness of the material also depends on the available stress level. In the presence of high residual stresses, ductile materials can fail without palpable plastic elongation.
The difference between ductile and brittle materials Ductile material Brittle material Solid materials that can undergo significant plastic deformation before fracture are called ductile materials. Solid materials that exhibit negligible plastic deformation are called brittle materials. The percentage elongation of the ductile material before breaking in the tensile test is higher. The percentage elongation of brittle materials before fracture in the tensile test is very small. Ductile materials fail gradually due to neck formation under the action of external tensile loads. Brittle materials fail due to sudden fracture (without any warning like neck fracture). The energy absorbed by the ductile material before fracture in the tensile test is more. Brittle materials absorb very little energy before fracturing. Various metal forming operations (such as rolling, forging, drawing, bending, etc.) can be performed on ductile materials. Forming operations cannot be easily performed on brittle materials. For example, brittle materials cannot be drawn into wires. Ductile materials show longer life under fatigue loads. Brittle materials will fail faster when subjected to fatigue loads. Examples of ductile materials:
- Mild steel
- Aluminum
- Copper
- Rubber, eraser
- Most types of plastic
Examples of brittle materials:
- Iron and steel
- Ceramics such as glass, cement, concrete, etc.
- Pebbles
- Rock
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Presenter
- Books: Materials Mechanics by FP Beer, ER Johnston and JT Dewolf (Tata McGraw-Hill Education). Buy this book
- Book: Callister Materials Science and Engineering by R. Balasubramaniam (Wiley India). Buy this book
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