where does light independent reaction take place
In plant cells, chloroplasts are specialized organelles that serve as the site of photosynthesis. The reactions that make up photosynthesis can be divided into light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid, and light-independent reactions (also known as dark reactions or Calvin cycles), which take place in the substrate.
1. Chloroplasts have a complex internal structure, and different reactions take place in different parts of the chloroplast.
Understanding what the inside of a chloroplast looks like is key to visualizing where different photosynthetic reactions take place. The chloroplast is surrounded by a double membrane consisting of an outer and an inner membrane. This structure is similar to the double-membrane structure of mitochondria, located in front of the inner membrane of the chloroplast and surrounding the thylakoids is a fluid called buffer. The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the substrate. It contains enzymes that work with ATP and NADPH to “fix” carbon from carbon dioxide into molecules that can be used to make glucose. The chloroplast’s own genetic material (separate from that of the cell) is also stored in the buffer. Inside the chloroplast contains another membrane – the thylakoid membrane – that folds to form many stacks of interconnected discs. Each disk is a thylakoid and each stack is a particle (pl. Grana). Read more: Red Dead Redemption 2 Grave Location | The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in thylakoids. These reactions occur when the pigment chlorophyll, located in the thylakoid membrane, captures energy from the sun (photons) to initiate the breakdown of water molecules.
2. Light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy.
The goal of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is to capture energy from the sun and break down water molecules to produce ATP and NADPH. These two energy-storing molecules are then used in light-independent reactions. In chloroplasts, chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs sunlight. It is stored in the thylakoid membrane in protein complexes known as photosystem I and photosystem II. The sequence of light-dependent reactions begins when sunlight hits a chlorophyll molecule, located in photosystem II. This excites an electron, which leaves the chlorophyll molecule and moves along the thylakoid membrane through a series of carrier proteins (known as electron transport chains). The “energy vacuum” was created. This is a process that humans cannot exactly replicate in a laboratory! Each water molecule breaks down into two hydrogen atoms (H) and one oxygen atom (O). Oxygen is released as a waste product – oxygen atoms from separated water molecules bond together in pairs to form oxygen gas (O2). Hydrogen ions accumulate in high concentrations in the lumen of the thylakoid. They pass through an enzyme called ATP synthase, and their movement provides the energy needed to add a third phosphate to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This energy storage molecule powers many cellular processes. In fact, the glucose produced during photosynthesis is broken down to produce more ATP later, during cellular respiration.Read more: where to find argon crystals in a warframe | Top Q & AM While electrons are being released from photosystem II to photosystem I, this system also contains chlorophyll. Energy from the sun excites the electron back, providing it with enough energy to pass through the membrane and into the buffer layer, where it joins with the hydrogen ion and NADP+ to create the energy-carrying molecules NADPH .ATP and NADPH move from the thylakoids into the stroma, where the energy they store is used to power light-independent reactions.
3. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) use stored chemical energy from light-dependent reactions to “fix” CO2 and produce a product that can be converted to light. glucose.
The ultimate goal of light-independent reactions (or Calvin cycle) is to assemble a glucose molecule. This is part of the CO2-requiring photosynthesis that plants take from the air, essentially, plants need carbon from CO2 to make the building blocks for glucose. An enzyme in the stroma called ruBisCo combines a five-carbon molecule of RubP (ribulose biphosphate) with a molecule of carbon dioxide. This creates a six-carbon molecule that is broken down into two three-carbon molecules (3-phosphoglycerate). This part of light-independent reactions is called carbon fixation, to which energy carriers from light-dependent reactions contribute. ATP and NADPH give each 3-phosphoglycerate a hydrogen atom, producing two molecules of the simple sugar G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate). Finally, these two G3P molecules are used to make one glucose molecule. This part of the light-independent reactions is often referred to as reduction (or sugar reduction) because electrons are added. It’s important to note that the Calvin cycle typically uses six carbon dioxide molecules at once. This means 12 molecules of G3P are produced. However, only two of them are used to make one glucose molecule – the rest is recycled back into RubP so the cycle can continue to run.
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